Moestopo International Review on Social, Humanities, and Sciences

GeoGebra-Assisted Problem-Based Learning for Mathematical Reflective Thinking

Safaruddin Safaruddin — 2026-09-07

Mathematical reflective thinking is an essential component of higher-order thinking that supports conceptual understanding and metacognitive development. Although previous studies have examined Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and GeoGebra separately, limited research has investigated their integrated effect on students’ mathematical reflective thinking, indicating a significant research gap. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of GeoGebra-assisted Problem-Based Learning in improving mathematical reflective thinking among ninth-grade students. The novelty lies in integrating interactive GeoGebra visualization with constructivist PBL and evaluating its effectiveness through pre-test, post-test, N-Gain, and multiple regression analyses within a unified experimental framework. A quantitative quasi-experimental design involving 32 ninth-grade students was employed. The results demonstrated significant improvement in mathematical reflective thinking, with the mean score increasing from 36.53 to 81.03, an average N-Gain of 0.703, and a significant t-test result (p < 0.001). Regression analysis indicated that students’ perception variables did not significantly predict reflective thinking performance, suggesting a greater contribution from instructional design. Theoretically, this study contributes to technology-enhanced constructivist learning literature. Practically, it provides evidence that GeoGebra-assisted PBL can support mathematics teachers in fostering reflective thinking. Overall, the findings highlight the educational significance of integrating interactive technology and student-centered learning to develop mathematical reflective thinking.

Communication Model for Enhancing Women Fishers’ Livelihoods in Bone-Bone Village

La Iba La Iba — 2026-09-07

This study aims to analyze the communication approach implemented by the Department of Marine Affairs and Fisheries to improve the livelihoods of women fishers in Bone-Bone Village, Baubau City, within the framework of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5 on gender equality. This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach involving eight purposively selected informants, consisting of three officials from the Marine and Fisheries Office of Baubau City and five women fishers. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, direct observation, and documentation and were analyzed using descriptive qualitative analysis. The findings show that empowerment was mainly facilitated through interpersonal communication, counseling, community meetings, informal social interaction, and the use of local language. Communication effectiveness was shaped by trust, local cultural values, social networks, and accessible interaction, while women continued to face gendered institutional barriers, limited information access, digital literacy constraints, and dual labor burdens. The study's novelty lies in proposing a participatory and gender-responsive communication model that integrates five interrelated dimensions, participation, access, inclusion, collaboration, and sustainability, to connect everyday communication practices with women’s livelihood empowerment and SDG 5 implementation in coastal communities.Top of FormBottom of Form

The Legitimacy Responsiveness Gap: Nationalism Rhetoric and Inclusive Development Policies in Maluku

Beatrixs S. Soumeru — 2026-09-07

This study examines the gap between nationalism rhetoric articulated by regional leaders and the implementation of inclusive development policies in Maluku, Indonesia. While narratives such as Pela Gandong, Siwalima, and Maluku Bersaudara are frequently invoked to promote unity, solidarity, and collective welfare, questions remain regarding their translation into substantive policy outcomes. Using a qualitative approach, this study employs Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and document analysis of regional leaders’ speeches, development planning documents, budget reports, statistical publications, and policy evaluation reports from 2019–2024. The findings reveal that nationalism rhetoric primarily functions as a source of political legitimacy rather than as a substantive guide for policy implementation. Significant inclusiveness deficits persist in regional development, particularly in relation to spatial inequality, indigenous community recognition, gender participation, and disability inclusion. The study further identifies limited bureaucratic capacity, elite dominance, weak civil society participation, and fiscal constraints as key factors contributing to the gap between rhetoric and policy. Theoretically, this article proposes the concept of the legitimacy–responsiveness gap, which explains how political legitimacy can be sustained through symbolic narratives despite limited policy responsiveness. The concept offers a useful framework for understanding governance dynamics in decentralized, multicultural, and geographically fragmented regions.

Enhancing Indonesian Sign Language Recognition Accuracy Using Transfer Learning for Deaf Learners

Yuvi Darmayunata — 2026-09-07

The recognition of Indonesian Sign Language remains challenging because of limited annotated datasets and the complexity of distinguishing similar hand gestures, reducing the effectiveness of automated communication systems for deaf learners. This study aims to improve the accuracy of Indonesian Sign Language recognition by applying transfer learning to deep learning models. An experimental approach was employed by fine-tuning two pre-trained convolutional neural network architectures, MobileNetV2 and EfficientNetB0, using a dataset of Indonesian Sign Language hand gestures. Model performance was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score to measure classification effectiveness. The experimental results demonstrate that MobileNetV2 achieved a test accuracy of 95.8%, considerably outperforming EfficientNetB0, which obtained 3.85% accuracy. Most gesture classes were classified with high precision and recall, although several visually similar gestures remained more difficult to distinguish, indicating the influence of subtle variations in hand configuration. These findings show that lightweight transfer learning models can provide robust performance for Indonesian Sign Language recognition when properly adapted to local datasets. This study concludes that MobileNetV2 is a more suitable architecture for Indonesian Sign Language recognition and has strong potential to support accessible communication technologies and promote more inclusive learning environments for deaf students in Indonesia.

The Role of Sustainability Governance Moderates the Influence of Sustainability Impact Disclosure and Carbon Emissions Disclosure on Stock Returns

Helny Helny — 2026-09-07

This study aims to examine the effect of sustainability impact disclosure and carbon emission disclosure on stock returns, as well as analyze the role of sustainability governance in moderating the relationship between sustainability impact disclosure and carbon emission disclosure on stock returns. The novelty of this research lies in the development of measurement of carbon emission disclosure variables. This study uses a quantitative approach with secondary data obtained from 283 company observations during the 2023–2024 period. Samples were selected using purposive sampling methods, while data analysis was carried out through classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression, and expansion tests. The results show that carbon emission disclosure has a positive effect on stock returns, while sustainability impact disclosure has no significant effect on stock returns. In addition, sustainability governance has been shown to strengthen the influence of carbon emission disclosure on stock returns, but it is unable to strengthen the effect of sustainability impact disclosure on stock returns. The results of the sensitivity test showed that the new measurements resulted in a higher adjusted R-squared value and more supported hypotheses than the previous model

Why Small Mills Outperform Large Ones: A Tripartite Governance Framework for Indonesia

Rachma Fitriati — 2026-09-09

Postharvest losses in Indonesia’s rice supply chain have averaged 10.82% annually since the 2026 self-sufficiency declaration, highlighting the need to evaluate government interventions targeting small rice mills. This study investigates the rationale, optimal locations, and enabling conditions for public investment in small-scale milling infrastructure. Drawing on Transaction Cost Economics, the Resource-Based View, and supply chain resilience theory, the study integrates GIS-AHP to assess mobile dryer suitability, K-Medoids clustering to segment partners, and TOPSIS with sensitivity analysis to prioritize investments. Primary survey data from 2,267 milling units and procurement records from 574 active BULOG partners (2022–2025) identify Bone, Sidrap, and Pinrang in South Sulawesi as the only “Highly Suitable” region for mobile dryers, with scores above 0.75. K-Medoids shows that small mills (Cluster C; 66% of partners) achieve the highest purchase order fulfillment rate (52.63%) despite having the oldest machinery and smallest capacities, consistent with TCE predictions of high asset specificity toward BULOG. TOPSIS prioritizes 32 units in South Sulawesi, 9 in West Java, and 4 in Central Java. Sensitivity analysis confirms ranking robustness (Spearman’s ρ >0.89). The study introduces an integrated framework for targeted and resilient postharvest infrastructure investment planning.

Cyber Coercion in Healthcare: Evidence from the 2024 Synnovis Ransomware Attack

Bintang Corvi Diphda — 2026-09-09

This article examines the 2024 Synnovis ransomware attack on the United Kingdom’s National Health Service. The study employs a qualitative single-case design based on a structured desk review. The evidence was analysed through Borghard and Lonergan’s framework of cyber coercion. The findings show that Qilin clearly communicated a financial demand and imposed substantial operational, clinical, financial, reputational and informational costs through various disruption measures. However, these consequences demonstrate successful cost imposition rather than successful alteration of the target’s cost-benefit calculus. The ransom remained unpaid, indicating that the coercive pressure was insufficient to produce compliance. Qilin’s credibility was demonstrated through actual disruption and the publication of stolen data, while reassurance remained weak because payment could not guarantee system restoration, permanent data deletion, or protection from further exploitation. The article contributes to cyber-coercion research by extending its application to criminal ransomware and showing that coercive effectiveness depends partly on the relationship among service dependency, cost distribution, decision authority, and behavioural outcome.

Empowerment, Livelihood, and Welfare for Women Heads of Households in Tunjung Teja

Ipan Saputra — 2026-09-10

Pekka play a dual role as both the primary breadwinners and household managers. This situation is particularly evident in Tunjung Teja District, Serang Regency, which has a high number of socioeconomically vulnerable women (PRSE). However, research on the relationship between empowerment, livelihood strategies, and the well-being of Pekka particularly in the rural context of Serang Regencyremains limited. This study addresses this gap by integrating asset-based empowerment, livelihood strategies, and the subjective and objective well-being of Pekka into a single analytical framework. The study aims to analyze the livelihood strategies, empowerment programs, levels of well-being, and factors influencing the well-being of Pekka in Tunjung Teja District. This study employs a mixed-methods approach with an exploratory sequential design, collecting qualitative data through interviews, observations, and documentation, as well as quantitative data through surveys. The results show that Pekka’s empowerment programs optimize natural, human, physical, financial, and social assets. Pekka members employ dual livelihood strategies through business diversification, such as trade and services. The subjective and objective well-being levels of Pekka members fall into the moderate category. Education influences subjective well-being, while age and length of membership in Pekka influence objective well-being. This research contributes to enriching the scientific study of Pekka.

Strategic Human Resource Management and Digital Transformation in Indonesian Local Governments

Ali Hanafiah Muhi — 2026-09-10

Digital transformation has become a strategic priority for local governments, yet its implementation varies despite a common national policy framework. This study aims to examine the role of Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) in supporting the implementation of the Electronic-Based Government System (SPBE) by comparing Mesuji Regency and West Tulang Bawang Regency. A qualitative comparative case study was employed using in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis involving key stakeholders responsible for human resource management and digital governance. The results indicate that the success of digital transformation in Mesuji Regency is supported by strong leadership commitment, sustainable human resource development, better system integration, and an organizational culture that is adaptive to change. In contrast, Tulang Bawang Barat Regency still faces various challenges related to weak leadership support, limited capacity building for civil servants, low system integration, and a work culture that does not yet fully support digital transformation. These differing conditions contribute to variations in the quality of digital governance and the implementation outcomes of the Electronic-Based Government System in the two regions. The study concludes that SHRM enhances digital transformation through leadership, human resource development, and system integration.

Government Trust Moderates Tax Reform and Tax Knowledge Effects on Compliance Intention

Idar Rachmatulloh — 2026-09-10

This study examines the effects of tax reform and tax knowledge on tax compliance intention and investigates the moderating role of government trust. The novelty of this research lies in the development of the tax knowledge construct by incorporating two additional dimensions, Technical Tax Knowledge and Knowledge of Tax Systems and Regulations, providing a more comprehensive measurement model. A quantitative approach was employed using primary data collected from 410 corporate taxpayers in Indonesia in 2026 through purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) after validity and reliability tests, followed by a sensitivity analysis. The findings reveal that tax reform (β = 0.242, p = 0.006) and tax knowledge (β = 0.291, p = 0.004) have positive and significant effects on tax compliance intention. Government trust does not moderate the relationship between tax reform and tax compliance intention (β = −0.080, p = 0.242), but significantly strengthens the effect of tax knowledge on tax compliance intention (β = 0.192, p = 0.002). The sensitivity analysis confirms that the proposed measurement model achieves a higher adjusted R² than the original model, demonstrating greater explanatory power and robustness.

Collaborative Public Management Model for Inflation Control: The Case of Indonesia

Anindita Primastuti — 2026-09-14

Inflation control, particularly food inflation, remains a complex policy challenge in Indonesia due to the involvement of multiple actors across different levels of government and sectors. Conventional policy approaches that rely primarily on monetary instruments are often insufficient to address supply chain disruptions and regional price volatility. This study aims to develop a collaborative public management model for inflation control by integrating collaborative governance principles with a structured business process approach. Using a qualitative research design, this study analyses the institutional arrangements, stakeholder interactions, and governance mechanisms involved in regional inflation control. Data were collected through document analysis and in-depth interviews with key stakeholders involved in inflation control coordination. The findings reveal that effective inflation control requires structured collaboration among multiple stakeholders, including government institutions, the private sector, communities, media, and academia, as reflected in the pentahelix framework. This study proposes a collaborative public management model consisting of four interconnected stages: antecedents, collaborative process, output, and outcome. The proposed model provides theoretical contributions to the literature on collaborative governance and offers practical policy insights for strengthening institutional coordination in regional inflation control in Indonesia.

AI-Driven Business Intelligence for Predictive Student Admission Governance

Sudaryono Sudaryono — 2026-09-14

This study examines how an existing student admission dashboard can be transformed into an AI-driven Business Intelligence model for predictive student admission governance in higher education. The study is motivated by the limitation of descriptive dashboards, which visualize admission and registration performance but do not provide forecasting, risk classification, early warning, or recommendation support for strategic decision-making. Using a mixed-methods case study design, this study analyzed dashboard indicators, institutional data practices, user needs, and decision-making requirements through dashboard analysis, interviews, focus group discussion, user survey, expert review, and predictive feature simulation. The existing dashboard was analyzed as a descriptive Business Intelligence layer, while the proposed extension was designed to integrate forecasting, risk scoring, early warning, and recommendation support. The findings show that the existing dashboard supports institutional visibility but remains limited to descriptive monitoring and target comparison. The proposed AI-driven extension addresses this limitation by enabling program-level risk identification, target achievement prediction, and evidence-based intervention planning. This study concludes that AI-driven Business Intelligence can function as a predictive governance instrument that supports more anticipatory, integrated, and data-driven student admission decision-making in higher education.

Public Perception of Water Service and Water Consumption in Jakarta

Joli Apriansyah — 2026-09-14

This study examines the relationship between perceived water service responsiveness and responsible water consumption behavior among PAM Jaya customers in Jakarta. Urban water governance in Jakarta is increasingly challenged by service expansion, groundwater dependency, network leakage, and the need to cultivate sustainable household water-use practices. While existing studies have largely emphasized institutional reform, infrastructure development, and environmental risks, limited empirical attention has been given to how customer perceptions of service responsiveness shape responsible water consumption. Using a quantitative survey design, data were collected from 200 PAM Jaya customers across Jakarta. The study applies Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to assess the measurement and structural models. Water service responsiveness is measured through customers’ perceptions of technical inspection and officer responsiveness in handling service problems, while responsible water consumption reflects awareness of water scarcity, moral obligation, water-saving behavior, social norms, and routine monitoring of water bills. The findings indicate that water service responsiveness has a positive and significant effect on responsible water consumption behavior, although its explanatory power remains modest. These results suggest that responsive public service delivery can support sustainable consumption practices, but should be complemented by environmental awareness, institutional trust, tariff fairness, and community-based water conservation strategies programs.

Customer-Based Brand Equity and Digital Fitness Platform Loyalty in JABODETABEK

Elfrida Viesta Napitupulu — 2026-09-14

Digital fitness platforms have expanded rapidly, but low switching barriers make sustained loyalty difficult. This study examines how digital fitness platform quality relates to long-term loyalty among users in Jabodetabek through customer experience and customer-based brand equity (CBBE). An online survey of 300 users was analyzed using a two-stage composite structural model with reflective first-order scores, a formative higher-order CBBE composite, and 5,000 bootstrap resamples. Platform quality was positively associated with customer experience (β=.703) and CBBE (β=.148), while customer experience was positively associated with CBBE (β=.533). CBBE showed the strongest positive association with long-term loyalty (β=.743). The direct effect of platform quality on loyalty was nonsignificant, whereas the direct effect of customer experience became negative after CBBE was controlled (β=−.391). Positive indirect effects occurred through CBBE (β=.110) and through the serial customer experience–CBBE pathway (β=.279), while the experience-only indirect effect was negative (β=−.275). These findings indicate competitive mediation: customer experience supports retention when it strengthens recognizable and favorable brand equity.

The Influence of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life Among Young Adults

Komang Krisna Dewi — 2026-09-14

Impacted mandibular third molars are a common eruption problem among young adults and are often related to limited jaw space. In addition to causing local problems, impaction may affect oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). This study aimed to examine the relationship between impacted mandibular third molars and OHRQoL among young adults. An observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design was conducted among 184 young adults. Participants were grouped according to the presence or absence of mandibular third molar impaction. OHRQoL was measured using the standardized Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) questionnaire. Data distribution was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, followed by the Mann-Whitney U test to compare OHIP-14 scores between groups. OHIP-14 scores were not normally distributed (p < 0.001). The non-impacted group had a mean score of 6.71 (SD 5.02), while the impacted group had a higher mean score of 30.37 (SD 4.79). The Mann-Whitney U test showed a significant difference between groups (U = 6615.0; p < 0.001). The mean rank was higher in the impacted group (117.00) than in the non-impacted group (25.00). Young adults with impacted mandibular third molars had significantly poorer OHRQoL than those without impaction.

Women’s Employment Research: Publication Trends and Thematic Mapping Using Bibliometric (2016-2026)

Salwa Fadhilah Humairah — 2026-09-14

Women's employment has become an increasingly important research topic because of its close relationship with gender equality, labour market dynamics, and sustainable development. However, a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of this research field remains limited. This study analyses publication trends, identifies the contributions of authors, journals, and countries, examines the conceptual structure of the field, and explores the major research themes in women's employment research during 2016–2026. A Bibliometric-Systematic Literature Review (B-SLR) was conducted using 1,408 journal articles retrieved from the Scopus database. Bibliometric analyses were performed using Biblioshiny (Bibliometrix-R), including performance analysis, co-occurrence network, trend topics, and thematic map analyses. The findings reveal a continuous increase in scientific publications, indicating growing international interest in women's employment research. Gender, Work and Organization was the most productive journal, while the United States and the United Kingdom had the highest citation impact. The conceptual structure is centred on gender equality, labour force participation, and women's status, whereas education, health, and family well-being remain complementary themes. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the intellectual structure and thematic evolution of women's employment research and offers directions for future research and gender-responsive labour market policies.

Green Drivers of Sustainability Performance under Ambidextrous Leadership

Tuhpatul Ahwazi — 2026-09-16

Indonesian listed firms continue to face a gap between formal sustainability disclosure and substantive economic, social, and environmental performance. This study examines the statistical relationships of green intellectual capital, stakeholder pressure, and green entrepreneurial orientation with sustainability performance and tests the moderating role of ambidextrous leadership. It also compares an expanded five-dimensional green intellectual capital model, incorporating environmental consciousness and corporate social responsibility, with the conventional three-dimensional model. A cross-sectional survey of 432 chief operating officers and operations managers from non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange was analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling. All three predictors were positively associated with sustainability performance, with green intellectual capital showing the strongest association. Higher ambidextrous leadership was associated with stronger predictor-performance relationships and with sustainability performance directly, supporting a quasi-moderating pattern. The expanded green intellectual capital model showed higher explanatory and predictive power than the conventional model. Given the cross-sectional design, these results are interpreted as associations and moderation patterns, not as evidence of causal transformation.

Determinants of Local Community Support for Sustainable Tourism Development at Lido, Sukabumi

Hartono Hartono — 2026-09-16

This study examines determinants of local residents’ perceptions of the Lido destination in Sukabumi, Indonesia, designated as a Special Economic Zone (SEZ), and their implications for sustainable tourism. Using a qualitative–interpretive single case study, data were gathered from approximately 11 participants representing local residents and relevant stakeholders through semi-structured interviews, complemented by limited observation and document review. The data were analyzed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis supported by NVivo. Findings indicate that residents’ support is conditional, hinging primarily on tangible local economic benefits, particularly employment opportunities and MSME supplier access, and credible environmental safeguards for waterways and living spaces. Five interlinked themes emerged—community support, sustainable tourism, destination image, pentahelix governance, and “hopes & suggestions.” Core determinants include perceived benefits and costs, distributive and procedural justice, trust in governance, place attachment, and destination image; while the pentahelix model is acknowledged, it is not yet fully functional. The study contributes a policy-lever framework for converting conditional support into stable social legitimacy through local hiring and procurement targets, indicator-based environmental monitoring, substantive participation and grievance-redress mechanisms, and regular transparent reporting. It underscores the need to integrate inclusive economic gains, procedural justice, and environmental accountability in managing the Lido SEZ.

Al-Mawardi’s Wazarah and United Arab Emirates E-Government: A Comparative Governance Analysis

Layyuna Arinal Haque — 2026-09-16

The rapid expansion of e-government in the United Arab Emirates has raised questions about whether digital public administration is solely a technological achievement or also reflects enduring ethical principles. This study examines the relevance of Imam Al-Mawardi's theory of wazarah to the United Arab Emirates' contemporary e-government system. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach with comparative analysis, the study analyzes primary sources, including Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyyah and official United Arab Emirates policy documents, supported by secondary literature on Islamic governance and digital public administration. Data were analyzed through reduction, categorization, display, and interpretation, with source triangulation to enhance credibility. The findings show that the Emirati digital governance model reflects Al-Mawardi's administrative principles by operationalizing kifayah through AI-based performance evaluation, amanah through blockchain-enabled transparency, syura through the 01 Gov consultation platform, keadilan through the Smart Judicial System, and maslahah through integrated public services provided by UAE Pass and TAMM Abu Dhabi. The study concludes that Al-Mawardi's governance framework remains relevant in the digital era, demonstrating that sustainable digital governance requires the integration of technological efficiency with ethical accountability. These findings offer an alternative conceptual framework for Muslim-majority countries pursuing digital transformation while preserving Islamic governance values.

Risk Governance and Risk-Based Policing for Transnational Threats

Yudhi Hery Setiawan — 2026-09-16

Transnational threats challenge conventional policing as criminal networks cross jurisdictions and rapidly adapt their financial and technological infrastructures. This study examines how risk governance and risk-based policing can improve the evaluation of Indonesia’s responses to transnational threats. Using a qualitative descriptive-analytical design, the study applies documentary analysis covering identification, screening, coding, cross-case comparison, and thematic synthesis. Three cases are examined: cross-border narcotics trafficking, human trafficking and migrant vulnerability linked to online scam syndicates, and online gambling with related financial networks. Findings indicate that institutional reporting remains largely focused on enforcement outputs, including cases, suspects, seizures, and blocked digital content. Such measures demonstrate operational activity but do not necessarily indicate reduced underlying risk. The study proposes an impact-oriented framework connecting threat identification, risk assessment, intervention, output, outcome, risk reduction, and feedback. The framework emphasizes measurable indicators and accountability, shifting performance assessment from enforcement volume toward demonstrable and sustained risk reduction. The practical implication is a shift in the logic of institutional performance: from counting what was done to demonstrating what changed. Polri should therefore complement conventional output reporting with sustained network disruption, financial disruption, asset recovery, victim identification and protection, and response-time indicators to support cross-jurisdictional cooperation.

Human-AI Symbiosis at Work: Psychological, Organizational, and Technological Resources

Hendratmoko Hendratmoko — 2026-09-16

This study examines the associations among Psychological Factors, External Factors, Technology Factors, and Work-life Balance (WLB), with particular attention to whether Technology Factors statistically mediate the relationships between psychological/organizational resources and WLB. Using a quantitative cross-sectional survey of 190 respondents and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), the study tested direct and indirect predictive relationships. Psychological Factors showed the strongest positive association with WLB (β=0.415, p<0.001), followed by External Factors (β=0.301, p=0.001) and Technology Factors (β=0.162, p=0.008). External Factors were positively associated with Technology Factors (β=0.288, p=0.011), whereas Psychological Factors were not (β=0.070, p=0.543). Neither the indirect PF → TF → WLB relationship (β=0.011, p=0.575) nor the EF → TF → WLB relationship (β=0.047, p=0.099) was statistically significant. The findings therefore do not support Technology Factors as a significant mediator in either proposed pathway. The results suggest that psychological, organizational, and technological resources may contribute to WLB through differentiated pathways, while stronger conclusions about causal mechanisms require longitudinal or experimental research.